Anticathepsin D Antibody-Sepharose Chromatography of Human Cathepsin D

Cathepsin D was isoilated from human tissues by anticatheipsin D antibo:dy-Serpharose 4B .chromatoigraphy. Caithepsin D, rele1ased from the immunoaffinity column formed one precipitin line with specif.ic antibody in immwnod:Lffusion and in immunoe1ectropholl1esis. The isolated proteinase is shown to be prure cathepsin D by actiivity and by inhibition with peipstatin. The quanititative determinati.on o:f cathepsin D in human tissue, taiken by bio.psy from sco,Uotic patients 1rl ivery small amount, is desert.bed. It was demonstrated that cathepsin D from human muscle and human gingival fluid was indistinguishable in immunodiffus ion from the human liver catheps iirl D

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE STANDARD SAMPLE FOR ACCURATE ESTIMATION OF THE CONCENTRATION OF NET ENERGY FOR LACTATION IN FEEDS ON THE BASIS OF GAS PRODUCED DURING THE INCUBATION OF SAMPLES WITH RUMEN LIQUOR

Namen tega dela je bil preveriti, ali je uporaba standardnega vzorca pri izvajanju Hohenheimskega plinskega preizkusa sploh potrebna. V obdobju treh let smo inkubirali z vampnim sokom in vitro 24 serij vzorcev voluminozne krme. Poleg vzorcev krme smo v poskus vključili tudi standardni vzorec sena, ki so nam ga poslali z univerze v Hohenheimu (HFT-99). Polovico serij smo inkubirali z vampnim sokom krav, polovico z vampnih sokom ovc. Merili smo količino plina, ki se razvije med 24 urno inkubacijo in jo primerjali z deklarirano vrednostjo vzorca HFT-99. Poleg HFT-99 smo v poskus vključili tudi 25 preizkusnih vzorcev krme z znanimi in vivo določenimi prebavljivostnimi koeficienti. Na podlagi tvorbe plina pri HFT-99 smo ugotovili, da vrsta živali (govedo ali ovce) ni vplivala na aktivnost vampnega soka (41,4 vs. 42,2 ml plina na 200 mg sušine, p>0,1). Tudi razlike med leti niso bile značilne (41,9, 41,2 in 42,3 ml plina na 200 mg sušine, p>0,1). Variabilnost med serijami je bila približno 10%, od 38,9 do 43,7 ml plina na 200 mg sušine). Tvorba plina pri HFT-99 je bila v tem poskusu približno 6 % manjša od vrednosti, ki so jo dobili na Univerzi Hohenheim (41,8 vs. 44,43 ml na 200 mg sušine). To nakazuje, da obstajajo sistematična odstopanja med laboratoriji. V primeru petindvajsetih preizkusnih vzorcev je korekcija na podlagi standardnega vzorca zmanjšala povprečno razliko in vitro ocenjenih vsebnosti neto energije za laktacijo (NEL) od in vivo določenih vrednosti. Sklepamo, da je glede na variabilnost med serijami in glede na sistematične razlike v aktivnosti vampnega soka med laboratorijema, uporaba standardnega vzorca pri izvajanju Hohenheimskega plinskega preizkusa nujna.The aim of this work was to examine the necessity of using the standard sample at the Hohenheim gas test. During a three year period, 24 runs of forage samples were incubated with rumen liquor in vitro. Beside the forage samples also the standard hay sample provided by the Hohenheim University (HFT-99) was included in the experiment. Half of the runs were incubated with rumen liquor of cattle and half with the rumen liquor of sheep. Gas produced during the 24 h incubation of standard sample was measured and compared to a declared value of sample HFT-99. Beside HFT-99, 25 test samples with known digestibility coefficients determined in vivo were included in the experiment. Based on the gas production of HFT-99, it was found that donor animal (cattle or sheep) did not significantly affect the activity of rumen liquor (41.4 vs. 42.2 ml of gas per 200 mg dry matter, P>0.1). Neither differences between years (41.9, 41.2 and 42.3 ml of gas per 200 mg dry matter, P>0.1) were significant. However, a variability of about 10% (from 38.9 to 43.7 ml of gas per 200 mg dry matter) was observed between runs. In the present experiment, the gas production in HFT-99 was about 6% lower than the value obtained by the Hohenheim University (41.8 vs. 44.43 ml per 200 mg dry matter). This indicates a systematic error between the laboratories. In the case of twenty-five test samples, correction on the basis of the standard sample reduced the average difference of the in vitro estimates of net energy for lactation (NEL) from the in vivo determined values. It was concluded that, due to variation between runs and systematical differences in rumen liquor activity between two laboratories, the results of Hohenheim gas test have to be corrected on the basis of standard sample

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE STANDARD SAMPLE FOR ACCURATE ESTIMATION OF THE CONCENTRATION OF NET ENERGY FOR LACTATION IN FEEDS ON THE BASIS OF GAS PRODUCED DURING THE INCUBATION OF SAMPLES WITH RUMEN LIQUOR

Namen tega dela je bil preveriti, ali je uporaba standardnega vzorca pri izvajanju Hohenheimskega plinskega preizkusa sploh potrebna. V obdobju treh let smo inkubirali z vampnim sokom in vitro 24 serij vzorcev voluminozne krme. Poleg vzorcev krme smo v poskus vključili tudi standardni vzorec sena, ki so nam ga poslali z univerze v Hohenheimu (HFT-99). Polovico serij smo inkubirali z vampnim sokom krav, polovico z vampnih sokom ovc. Merili smo količino plina, ki se razvije med 24 urno inkubacijo in jo primerjali z deklarirano vrednostjo vzorca HFT-99. Poleg HFT-99 smo v poskus vključili tudi 25 preizkusnih vzorcev krme z znanimi in vivo določenimi prebavljivostnimi koeficienti. Na podlagi tvorbe plina pri HFT-99 smo ugotovili, da vrsta živali (govedo ali ovce) ni vplivala na aktivnost vampnega soka (41,4 vs. 42,2 ml plina na 200 mg sušine, p>0,1). Tudi razlike med leti niso bile značilne (41,9, 41,2 in 42,3 ml plina na 200 mg sušine, p>0,1). Variabilnost med serijami je bila približno 10%, od 38,9 do 43,7 ml plina na 200 mg sušine). Tvorba plina pri HFT-99 je bila v tem poskusu približno 6 % manjša od vrednosti, ki so jo dobili na Univerzi Hohenheim (41,8 vs. 44,43 ml na 200 mg sušine). To nakazuje, da obstajajo sistematična odstopanja med laboratoriji. V primeru petindvajsetih preizkusnih vzorcev je korekcija na podlagi standardnega vzorca zmanjšala povprečno razliko in vitro ocenjenih vsebnosti neto energije za laktacijo (NEL) od in vivo določenih vrednosti. Sklepamo, da je glede na variabilnost med serijami in glede na sistematične razlike v aktivnosti vampnega soka med laboratorijema, uporaba standardnega vzorca pri izvajanju Hohenheimskega plinskega preizkusa nujna.The aim of this work was to examine the necessity of using the standard sample at the Hohenheim gas test. During a three year period, 24 runs of forage samples were incubated with rumen liquor in vitro. Beside the forage samples also the standard hay sample provided by the Hohenheim University (HFT-99) was included in the experiment. Half of the runs were incubated with rumen liquor of cattle and half with the rumen liquor of sheep. Gas produced during the 24 h incubation of standard sample was measured and compared to a declared value of sample HFT-99. Beside HFT-99, 25 test samples with known digestibility coefficients determined in vivo were included in the experiment. Based on the gas production of HFT-99, it was found that donor animal (cattle or sheep) did not significantly affect the activity of rumen liquor (41.4 vs. 42.2 ml of gas per 200 mg dry matter, P>0.1). Neither differences between years (41.9, 41.2 and 42.3 ml of gas per 200 mg dry matter, P>0.1) were significant. However, a variability of about 10% (from 38.9 to 43.7 ml of gas per 200 mg dry matter) was observed between runs. In the present experiment, the gas production in HFT-99 was about 6% lower than the value obtained by the Hohenheim University (41.8 vs. 44.43 ml per 200 mg dry matter). This indicates a systematic error between the laboratories. In the case of twenty-five test samples, correction on the basis of the standard sample reduced the average difference of the in vitro estimates of net energy for lactation (NEL) from the in vivo determined values. It was concluded that, due to variation between runs and systematical differences in rumen liquor activity between two laboratories, the results of Hohenheim gas test have to be corrected on the basis of standard sample

Principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses as applied to transformer partial discharge data with particular reference to transformer condition monitoring

This paper analyses partial discharges obtained by remote radiometric measurements from a power transformer with a known internal defect. Since fingerprints of remote radiometric measurements are not available, the formation of clusters with similar features obtained from captured partial discharge data is crucial. Hierarchical cluster analysis technique is used as a method for grouping different signals. Investigation based on Euclidian and Mahalanobis distance measures and Ward and Average linkage algorithms were performed on partial discharge data pre-processed by principal component analysis. As a result of the analysis, a clear separation of partial discharges emanating from the transformer and discharges emanating from its surrounding is achieved; this in turn should enhance the methodologies for condition monitoring of power transformers

Data mining on a transformer partial discharge data using the self-organizing map

Although experts all over the world have investigated methods for partial discharge (PD) detection and classification for over 50 years, until now there is still no universal method available for this purpose. Even in the future, it would not be possible to define a universal method for unambiguous classification and localization of PD sources in complex insulating systems (e.g. transformers or generators) due to the unlimited variations of PD source type and its location. This paper deals with PD signals obtained by remote radiometric measurements performed on a power transformer. Extensive PD measurements were performed in the substation. Since fingerprints of the remote radiometric measurements are not available, the formation of clusters with similar features obtained from captured PD data is crucial. A data mining technique known as self-organizing map (SOM) for the analysis and interpretation of captured PD data is used. Since each signal contains a large number of samples, before applying the SOM, the dimensionality reduction based on principal component analysis is performed. As a result of a data mining process a clear separation of PDs emanating from a transformer and discharges emanating from its surrounding is achieve

Radio frequency measurement of different discharges

Discharges in power equipments may be a symptom of a fault in a component and, in such cases, their detection at an early stage is essential. This work presents the detection and identification methods based on frequency and time domain measurements made with an antenna, oscilloscope and a laptop. The identification of oil discharge, floating particle discharge and air discharge by radio frequency interference measurements was studied at a high voltage laboratory. The findings of the research should serve as a basis for remote radiometric measurements of partial discharges occurring in power transformers

Some further characteristics of endogenous proteinase inhibitors.

Leucocytes and spleen contain four different types of protein proteinase inhibitors. Two of them can be inactivated by cathepsin D. In this work biochemical and immunological studies of the inactivation of I-2 by cathepsin D are presented. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic examinations indicate that cathepsin D inactivates I-2 by hydrolysis of the inhibitor molecule. The conversion of the active inhibitor into inactive protein proceeds catalytically. The studies on the inhibitor mechanism of the isoinhibitors of I-1 type explain the unusual inhibitor property of this type of inhibitor to inhibit two different types of proteinases, cysteine and serine. The evidence suggests that the inhibitory mechanism is based on an active sulfhydryl group of the inhibitor which may interact with the disulfide bridge of the inhibited proteinase

FlexNet wide area monitoring system

This paper presents the results of collaborative research from the SUPERGEN FlexNet Consortium into Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control (WAMPAC). The focus of the research addresses the design and development of an optimal WAMPAC architecture, communication infrastructure and real-time WAMPAC applications which will play an important role in future GB power network operation and understanding. The article concludes with an assessment of inter-area oscillations based on data records captured by the wide area monitoring system (WAMS) established as part of the FlexNet project